![]() ![]() The majority of the region’s residents today identify as Malay Muslims. The three southern provinces of Thailand (Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat) and the four Malay-speaking districts in Songkhla – with a population of around two million – have been contested space, on and off, since the Sultanate of Patani was conquered in 1785 by the Kingdom of Siam. Civic space has opened and diverse constituencies including separatist groups, activists, civil society organisations (CSOs), the state and army, are collaborating and cooperating to tackle a common threat. For Thailand’s far southern region, where a separatist insurgency has claimed more than 7,000 lives since January 2004, the COVID-19 pandemic has had some positive, unexpected consequences.
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